Reviews.

classes alike . An eye-witness describes one fearful scene , which even affected the crowd , hardened now to those scenes and sights of shame . A young girl of seventeen , paralyzed , and an old lacfy between seventy and eighty , unable to walk , are carried up the steps of the guillotine . Two more lists of victims , twenty-three and twenty-live respectively , are all equally condemned , equally innocent ; and and the last

then comes thc famous " 9 th Thermidor , " convoy of helpless victims actually went to execution , amid the signs of that great struggle everywhere and the " generate " beating in the streets . On that very day began the contest which led to the fall of Robespierre . Dumas , the cruel President of this "Tribunal of Blood , " as M . Wallon not unjustly terms it , was arrested by by order of the Conventionwhile about to pronounce

, a judgment on some helpless , hapless , innocent sufferers , and was taken off the Bench by gendarmes and sent to prison . A Mr . Maire takes his place , and pronounces sentence . Let us trv ancl realize the horror and absurdity of such a " fact . " That same day , — . July 27 th , 1794 , —the Convention had ordered the arrest of Robespierre , Dumas , Coffinhal , Couthon , Hanriot , St . Just Lebas , and others . Robesoierre made his famous address in the

Convention and failed , on the Sth Thermidor , July 26 th , and a very violent speech to the Jacobins that evening , denouncing the Convention , and declaring the need of " purging " convents and communitiesalike of traitors . In fact , another proscription and another slaughter . Robespierre was arrested in the Convention , and sent to the Luxembourg . But he was soon released by the Commune and installed in the " Mairie , " in open war with the

Convention . The Convention thereupon declared him and all his friends " hors de la loi , " and he was taken prisoner at the Mairie by a gendarme , called Meda , and severely wounded , early on the ioth Thermidor , July 28 th , and brought before the tribunal he had himself set up . Curious irony of fate ; solemn Nemesis cf outraged justice , and humanity , and cgality . Thence—with Simon , the murderer of the poor little dauphin , with Dumas , the " unjust judge , " with

Haniiot , and Couthon , and St . Just , and Robespierre the younger , and others , in all twenty-two in nunmber of his adherents , having been "identified" before the court—he was conducted to thc guillotine amid the fearful execrations ol an"imnienscpeopli-, " say the French accounts . Itwas asserted , truly or untruly , that Robespierre was akin to

" Damiens , " the would-be mardcrcr of Louis XV . ; and the outraged people actually invoked the same fate , says an eye-witness , for him . Damiens , as some of us know , was torn to pieces , dreadful to relate , by horses . The following epitaph for Robespierre was composed by some witty frenchman on this now crushed " Tcrroriste , "

" Passant quiquc tu sois , ne pleure pas mon sort , Si je vivais , tu serais mort . " On the 1 ith Thermidor July 29 th , sixty-two more of Robesp ierres satellites and chief supporters in cruelty were executed , including Coffinhal , as " outlaws . " There is no doubt that had not the Convention thus mastered the Commune , and Robespierre and the leading " Montagnards , " a general massacre of the " Moderates " would have taken

place . On the Sth Thermidor , Jul y 26 th , a certain Desire ! , Mathieu , Courlet , Bcaulop , ( not his real name , Mr . VV alien thinks ) , was sent to the guillotine , to prevent him revealing the proscription of Soo persons of whom he had the names , it is supposed from Fouquier Tinvillc himself , and these Soo were all the principal persons in Paris in the Convention , Committee , army , & c . There is previously to Robespierre's fall , some very curious evidence relative to

a certain mystic , or illutninee , Catherine lhiot , mixed up with a certain priest , " Dom Gerle , " with whom Robespierre was intimate , and who set up a ridiculous " Initiation , " with secret rites and extraordinary sacrifices . Robespierre prevented , with Fouquier Tinvillc , an enquiry into these excesses , and thus paved the way for thc common fear of all his associates and contemporaries , except the lacobins , that he was aiming at a dictatorship , supreme

power , and was to attain to it by the destruction of all who would not implicitly follow him . There arc curious stories , and popular ones , mentioned by Mr . Wallon , as shewing the popular belief in this respect . But wc must hurry on . Curiously enough , as often happens in such episodes , the victory of the Convention over the Commune turned upon a mere accident . Had Hanriot been present in Paris when the crisis came , and sober when he returned ,

the struggles would have been probably more severe . Gut the declaring of Robespierre and all his adherents " hors de la loi , " placed a powerful weapon in the hands of the Convention , swayed thc military force , and led to the complete overthrow of the Commune . It is a common , but mistaken view , that with the fall of Robespierre the reign of terror ceased . That is not so . Two days after his execution the dread tribunal suppressed was

resuscitated . There were 5106 persons in the various prisons in Paris , and to the close of this fifth volume several most cruel murders are still committed under this new tribunal , though fewer in number , and at longer intervals than before the fall of Robespierre , and with a larger margin of acquittals . We gain in this volume a dreadful insight into the so-called " Noyades " of Nantes , where manv hundreds of helpless victims—priests , nobles ,

ladies , anel women with babies in their arms—were bound with cords and drowned in the river . Indeed , the horrors of the facts narrated by thc witnesses and "doers " surpass belief , and are too painful to dwell upon here . We shall read in the next volume of the condemnation of Carrier , and the trial of Fouquier Tinvillc . One rises from thc the volume saddened and weary with those long and awful accounts of blood ! blood ! blood ! cruel

savagery , deliberate murder . Neither sex , nor innocence , nor youth , nor beauty , nor gallantry , nor worth can save their possessors from this overflow of a sanguinary " rabies " from the insults of a Coffinhal , or the cynical cruelty of a Dumas ; from the pre-arranged verdicts of juries utterly insensible cither to thc feelings of pity , the horror of illegality , tbe claims of right and innocence , the

principles of tr .. th , honour , justice , and virtue . Wc may add , on Mr . VVallon ' s authority , that according to the registers , a fact which would otherwise seem incredible , is clear , namely , that from the 3 rd of April , 1793 , to the 13 th April , 1 794 , 505 persons were condemned ; while from the 13 th April to the fall of Robespierre , a little over four months , 2603 persons were guillotined !

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Masonic Notes And Queries.

Masonic Notes and Queries .

ELIAS ASHMOLE AND WARRINGTON . Bro . Hughan says that he is not aware that it has been generally held , as stated , that the lodge at Warrington , 1646 , was mainly an operative lodge . If Brc . Hughan be correct , then the admission of Elias Ashmole and Col . Mainwaring was the admission of Speculative non-Operative Masons into a Speculative Lodge . But where does

he find proof of such an " assumption . " -Further , how does he interpret the following passage from the " Life of Ashmole , " in Oliver ' s notes to the 1 S 61 edition of Preston , and which can still be read by the student : " He , Mr . Ashmole , was elected a brother of thc Company of Freemasons , a favour esteemed so singular by the members , that Kings themselves have not disdained to enter

themselves of this Society . From these are derived the Adopted Masons , Accepted Masons , or Freemasons , who are known to one another all over the world by certain signals and watchwords known to them alone , " & c , & c . If the writer means anything , according to my humble understanding of the English language , he seeks to point out that he makes a difference between the "Company of

the Freemasons , " and the " Adopted—Accepted—Freemasons ; " the one being mainly operative , the oeher mainly Speculative , thus in antithesis to each other . The use of special words in the original entry , such as "Warden , " and the "Fellowcrafts , " have led myself and others , and the writer above quoted , to conclude that the lodge at Warrington was mainly an

operative lodge , Elias Ashmole and Col . Mainwaring being so far the ITrst Speculative Masons in England of whom we know . I should myself be greatly pleased to prove the existence of speculative lodges , such as the lodge at Warrington in 1646 , but at present all such evidence is wanting . Dr . Plot talks of lodges in 16 S 6 , and , as Bro . Gould pertinently remarks , they could not have been "

selfcreated then , " and it may be we may yctobtam right satisfactory proof of seventeenth century Freemasonry . A good deal of difficulty has been imported into the whole matter by the so-called " new regulations " in the later Harleian MS ., recognizing the admission of speculative members , which Oliver puts down to 1663 . If that law was really passed then , it was only renewed and repealed in all probability , as the

admission of speculatives probably took place , —early in the seventeenth century . If my good friend , who I am glad to see dubs the 1717 theory an " absurdity , " is prepared to give up thc mainly operative character of the lodges in the seventeenth century , I fear that the " crux " to be solved is rendered still more difficult , because then I must ask him—To about what actual date does he relegate the appearance of

spcculativclodges ? Weonlyknowin theseventeenthcentury " bene notanda est" of two lodges ; the one at Warrington 1646 , and Masons' Hall , Basinghall-street , 1682 , though we may fairly take into consideration Dr . Plot ' s distinct assertions in 16 S 6 ; and there is inferential evidence of a lodge of some sort in York in 1690-3 . And if the lodge at Warrington 1646 was not mainly an operative lodge , what was

it ? The researches a friend eif mine is making at Warrington were begun originally to prove what could be verified of Elias Ashmole ' s statement , and then when it appeared that several of those present could hardly have been operative , it seemed to me and to others , to render a search for traces of seventeenth century imperative upon us , as we were practically " working in the dark . "

But the transition from truly operative guilds , with thc gradual admission of speculative members , into lodge mainly speculative , ( though as Bro . Gould has shewn—a large speculative element existed in the 1717 revival ) , seems to be so reasonable and natural an explanation of Masonic history , that as " at present advised , " I for one cannot see my way to give up the theory , or " assumption , " call

it what you will , despite thc high authority of Bro Hughan , that thc lodges in the seventeenth century were mainly operative . If it be not so , if such a position becomes untenable , then as good always comes out of evil—we throwback the antiquity of the speculative system to the

beginning of the 17 th instead of the beginning of the iSth . Indeed , it may eventually be proved , that with the dissolution of guilds and fraternities 1 Edward VI ., began an absorption of the speculative element , into the operative sodalities . A good deal turns upon this point , as I will try to point out next week . MASONIC STUDENT .

HERBERGAGE . Your correspondent G . H . has called attention to an extract which is most interesting in more ways than one . Thc indenture is in Norman French , but I can quite understand his being unable to trace this word in any French dictionary , because it happens to be a German root with a French termination . Ihe German Craftsman ' s house of

call was " Herberg , the landlord or lady was Herbergsvater or Hcrbcrg's-mutter , as the case might be , and these words exist to the present day ^ unaltcred . F / iigel ' s dictionary gives Hcrbcrge , harbour , quarters , town . & c ; Herbegen , to live , lodge , & c ; Schneiderherberge , house of call for tailors . Thc French equivalent is Auberge .

In the extract mentioned I doubt whether Herbcrgage means general maintenance ; it certainly means " lodging , " but I doubt the " board . " The introduction of this curious word , however , in a French document of 1395 will no doubt interest many as bearing upon a question now under investigation .

ENTERED APPRENTICE STUDENT . HERBERGAGE , I apprehend , is the old word for " Harbourage , " practically " home and shelter . " M . S .

HOLLOWAY ' S OINTMENT ANII PILLS . —Outward Infirmities . —Ileforc the discovery of these rcmcili <* s many case's of sores , ulcers , & c , were pronounced to be hopelessly incurable , because thc treatment pursued tended to destroy the strength it was incompetent to pre . serve and to exasperate the symptoms it was inadequate to rcini vc , Holloway ' s Pills exert the most wholesome powers over the

nnhealllily flesh or skin , without debarring the patient from fresh air and exercise , ami thus the constitutional vigour is husbanded while the most malignant ulcers , abscesses , and skin diseases arc in process of cure . Both Ointment and Pills make the blood richer and purer , instead of permitting it to fall into that poor and watery state so fatal to manv labouring under chronic ulcerations . — [ ADVT . ] ' . ' . " -vA .

Freemasonry At Brockley.

FREEMASONRY AT BROCKLEY .

The Most Worshipful Grand Master , H . R . H . the Prince of Wales , has issued a warrant to some ot the brethren m Brockley and St . John's to form a Craft lodge , to meet at St . Peter ' s Hall , Wickham Park . The lodge is to be called the Wickham Lodge , and has been numbered 1924 on the roll of lodges serving under the United Grand Lodge of England .

The principal officers named in the warrant are Bro . Wilmer Holling ' ivorth , P . M . 63 , who is nominated as first W . M . ; Bro . C . A . Murton , P . G . D ., as S . W . ; and Bro . W . F . Dennant , W . M . 140 , as J . W . Amongst others named in the warrant , and who will probably be elected or nominated to other offices in the lodge , are Bros . VV . A . Adam , J . O . Abbott , VV . J . Spratling , B . Sc , Head Master of Aske ' s Schools ; C . Lowther

Kemp , S . VV . ilooper , J . A . Burton , and H . Nuding . The very interesting and imposing ceremony of consecrating thc new lodge will take place on Saturday , the 22 nd inst ., and will be conducted by Bro . Thos . Fenn , P . G . D ., who is so well known as a great authority on Masonic matters , and Bro . the Rev . Ambrose Hall , M . A ., G . Chap . Extensive preparations are being made , and many Grand Officers and others noted in the Craft are expected to be

present . Amongst others may be mentioned Bros . / Eneas J . Mclntyre , Q . C , G . Reg . ; Sir John B . Monckton , F . S . A ., Pres . Board of Gen . Purp . ; Lieut .-Col . Shadwell H . Gierke , G . Sec . ; Ernest Emit Wendt , D . C . L ., G . Sec . for German Correspondence ; J . Glaisher , F . R . S ., P . G . D . ; Robert Grey , P . G . D . ; H . G . Buss , Asst . G . Sec ; G . Kelly , P . G . Steward ; Henry Sadler , G . Tyler , and many others . The musical arrangements will be under the

direction of Bro . Henry Gadsby , P . M ., assisted by gentlemen from St . Paul ' s Cathedral . The anthems selected are " Behold how good and joyful a thing it is for brethren to dwell together in unity , " & c , " Thine , O Lord , is the greatness , " & c , and " From the rising of the Sun . " The ceremonies of consecration of the lodge , installation of the Master , and the appointment and investiture of the officers will take about three hours , and will be followed by

a banquet , to be held at the Bridge House Hotel , Londoii Bridge , Mr . J . P . Knight having most kindly made special arrangements for the conveyance from Brockley to London Bridge of the large company expected to be present . The vicar of St . Peter's , the Rev . J . C . Wetherell , has given the large Bible , which is one of the necessaries of the

lodge , and Mrs . Drake , the Lady of the Manor , has evinced much interest in the lodge , and intimated that she will be g lad to be allowed to present some of the furniture . The hrst regular meeting will be held on Monday , November 7 th , anil thenceforward on the first Mondays in 'January , March , May , July , and November . Many names have already been sent in as candidates for initiation and joining

Grand Lodge Of Quebec.

GRAND LODGE OF QUEBEC .

The twelfth annual communication of thc Grand Lodge of Quebec was opened at twelve o ' clock on Wednesday , September 28 th , in the Canadian Masonic Chambers , Place d'Armes-square , thc M . VV . the Grand Master , Bro . J . H . Graham , LL . D .. being on the throne . The Grand Lodge was opened in due form , and a large

number of delegates were reported as being in attendance . The Grand Lodge adjourned at one o ' clock for refreshment , and having resumed , the Grand Master delivered his annual address , which was a very elaborate one , occupying about two hours in its delivery . Having briefly refeired to the loss by death of several members of the Order , among whom were V . W . Bro . W . H . Van Vleit , of

Laetrile , P . Q . ; R . W . Bro . S . McClung , of Three Rivers , first Grand Registrar of the Grand Lodge of Quebec ; R . VV . Bro . W . Miller , P . D . D . G . M . of the Discrict of Quebec and Three Rivers ; Grand Master M . W . Bro A . F . Crowe , of the Grand Lodgeof Nova Scotia ; ' M . W . Bro . L . B . Englesby , Grand Representative of Quebec in the State of Vermont ; R . W . Bro . Thompson , Grand

Representative of Quebec in British Columbia ; and R . W . Bro . G . S . Blackie , M . D . of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee He made the following remarks in reference to the death of the late President Garfield : " On the 2 nd day of July last our eminent and illustrious brother , His Excellency the President of the United States , —General the Honourable James Abram Garfield , was shot by an assassin , and ,

after a lingering llness , borne with Christian , manly , and heroic fortitude , be died from tbe effects of tbe wound , on the ioth day of September . The whole world was then struck with horror at the foul deed . The nei ghbouring republic is now plunged in the deepest sorrow , and all good and true men of every ; nation , kindred , and tongue share their grief , mourn with them in their sad affliction ,

and from overflowing hearts pour forth their condolence to that great nation in the terrible loss which has befallen them . None felt greater horror of the accursed deed which struck him down—none felt more profound sorrow at his sad death , and none more deeply sympathised with the sorrowing nation , or the sadly bereaved mother , wife , and children than thc members of our Fraternity . I now ,

therefore , propose that this Grand Lodge , in annual communication assembled , do sorrowfully express and suitably convey our heartfelt sympathy and sincere condolence to the deeply afflicted family of our martyred brother , with the fervent prayer that thc Most High may ever havc them in His holy keeping , and at the last may He receive them all to Himself , and to never-ending and blissful communion

with the dear departed . So mote it be . I beg also to propose that a memorial page of our Grand Lod ge proceedings be dedicated and held sacred to the undying memory ot our illustrious brother , the late Hon . James Abram Garfield . " During the past year the following brethren had been commissioned as Grand Representatives near their respective Grand Lodges , viz .: R . W . Bros . A . A . Hall

near Vermont ; VV . b . McLellan , near Nevada ; R . J . Patty , near Mississippi ; and F . VV . Brunsdcn , near Rhode Island . The Grand Master then referred to the laying of the bridge across the River St . Francis with Masonic ceremonies , and also to thc dedication of Masonic Halls in Bedford and Richmond . He had granted a

warrant to establish a new lodge at Lachine , called the St . Louis . He called the attention of the Craft in the Province of Ontario to the undesirablcness of their longer continuing to call their Grand Body " The Grand Lodge of Canada , " and said he considered it should be re-christened "The Grand Lodgeof Ontario . " He also expressed his sympathy with the Grand Lodse of New Mexico in net