On The Testing And Strength Of Railway Materials, &C.

this stage hammering appears to improve the grain . Very small sections may occasionally be welded , but as a rule , malleable cast iron is not Avoidable . It is readily brazed Avith copper . It melts only under a very high heat , and it stands fire so well that it is employed for foundry ladles , crucibles for gold and silver , and for the tubes of some description of boilers . Malleable cast iron may be case hardened more readily and to a greater depth than wrought iron . The castings are not blistered , scaled , or in the and the

warped process , case hardening may be effected either with bones , hoofs or leather in the ordinary manner , or with prussiate of potash . The articles made of malleable cast iron are all kinds of machinery fitments , steam boiler tubes , gas joints horse shoes , bridle bits , stirrups , gun fittings , bed fittings , railway signal pullies , buffer and axle boxes , tram car wheels , cross heads , portable engine chimney caps and bases boAVS for manholes of boilers , link reversing and expansion gear , cranks , pistons , and

garden tools in fact , malleable cast iron is used in place of wrought iron to a very great extent , especially since labour became so very dear , as in many cases it comes in cheaper than forged work when the article is of a difficult form or shape—but it cannot compete successfully with forgings when the articles required are heavy and tolerably easy to forge . Castings can be annealed up to any weight and size—the time taken for annealing fight casting is about seven days , and for heavy , fourteen days . The metal chiefly used in the production of malleable castings are the finest brands of charcoal and Hosmatite pigs specially prepared .

TESTS . Its advantage over cast iron is that the same strength may be obtained with half the weight , and that it is easier to finish and take a finer polish . Unlike wrought iron it is not liable to defective welds , and with ease complicated patterns and shapes can be produced at a reasonable cost . It is more easily worked than steel , is freer from defects through blowing or honeycombing . A superior kind of small , soft casting is made by the Nottingham Malleable Iron Company , which from being subject to a partial annealing , is very easily got up a bright polish—the difference in cost being fully recouped by saving in labour and tools .

The process although very simple is hut very little understood ; it is a common notion that there is much mystery in the using the " chemicals " required . Making iron castings malleable was , indeed , among the lost arts . The late Zerah Colborn says old records show that it was lost and re-discovered more than once . The French philosopher , Eeamur , who wrote upon it 140 years ago , observed that it was then practised as a great mystery in Paris . At lastchemistry came to the aid of the metal workerand he learned that what

, , he had so long called sul pher in the iron—and sulpher was once a name applied to many substances—was really carbon , and the same as charcoal or diamond , and chemistry showed him carbon would always forsake iron for oxygen , and the cast iron treated with oxygen was malleable , as it always is , whether in the old refinery fire , in puddling , in pig boiling with forge scales and refinery cinders , in the Bessemer process , and in still other modes of treatment .

The True History Of Freemasonry In England.

THE TRUE HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY IN ENGLAND .

A LODGE LECTURE . ( Continued from , page 405 . ) AT the commencement of the 14 th century ive may consider the Fraternity to have been consolidated in this kingdom , as it had been for some years previously in Germany and France . The Abbg Grandidier , a Frenchman , who , in the latter part of