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( BftmcattoitaL . DULWICH HOUSE SCHOOL , VICTORIA ROAD , UPPER NORWOOD , S . E . ( Within seven minutes' of the Crystal Palace ) . PRINCIPAL : Mr . J . K . BARNES , LONDON UNIVERSITY . ( Late Upper Fifth-Form Master , Bedford Modern School , Harpur Foundation . ) RESIDENT STAFF : Classics : Mr . VV . P . EVANS , M . A . ( 2 nd Class Classical Tripos , 1877 . ) ( Late Foundation Scholar , Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge . ) English Language and Literature : The PRINCIPAL . Mathematics and Science : P . Z . ROUND , B . A . ( Mathematical Tripos , 1 S 82 . ) ( Late Scholar St . Katharine ' s College , Cambridge . ) Modern Languages : The PRINCIPAL . VISITING . STAFF : Modern Languages : Monsieur EUGENE FASNACHT . ( Late Senior Modern Language Master , Bedford Modern School . Editor of Macmillan ' s Foreign Classics . ) Science : Rev . j . G . WOOD , M . A ., K . L . S ., and Prof . C . P . MORRIS , Geology and Phys . Geog . ; and such other qualified and experienced Masters as the requirements of the Pupils may demand . References kindly permitted to Rev . R . B . Poole , B . D ., Bed . Mod . School , Bedford . Alex . Waugh Young , M . A ., Tettenhall College , Staffordshire . . G . M . Hicks , M . A ., 5 , South-row , Blackheath , S . E . E . F . Ashworth Briggs , M . A ., L . L . M ., 15 , New Street , Daventry . Rev . A . Lloyd , M . A ., Norton Rectory , Bury St . Edmunds . G . L . . PeeI , Esq ., C . B ., Woodcraft , Cuckfield , Sussex . Major Ed . Green , St . Mary's , Bedford . J . D . Rodger , Esq ., College Lawn , Cheltenham . C . P . Mason , B . A ., F . C . P ., Dukesell , Streatham Hill , S . E .

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HIGH-CLASS PRIVATE SCHOOL THEOBALD'S PARK , WALTHAM CROSS , LONDON , N . PRINCIPAL Rev . J . OSWALD JACKSON , Assisted by Five Masters . Limited number of Gentlemen ' s Sons ; motherly care for delicate pupils ; individual teaching for backward ones ; playground of six acres . First * lass Honours gained at last Cambridge Local Examinations , with Distinction in Mathematics . References kindly permitted to Rev . Dr . Reynolds , Principal of Cheshunt College , Herts . ' Rev . Charles E . Mayo , M . A ., Nottingham . Sir Thomas Chambers , M . P ., Recorder of London . Richard Toller , Esq ., Solicitor , Leicester . . George Kenning , Esq ., Little Britain .

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WOKING COLLEGE , WOKING , SURREY . ' HEAD MASTER : The Rev . C . W . ARNOLD , M . A ., Trinity College , Cambridge . In the Higher Classes pupils are prepared for the Universities , Army , Civil Service , Oxford and Cambridge Locals , and Mercantile Life . ' The School is connected with a School at Lausanne , to which boys for Mercantile Life can be sent on to acquire French and German . conversationally . In the Lower Classes pupils are prepared for the Public Schools and Navy . From this , department boys have passed into all the Public Schools . During the last year two open Scholarships at the Universities and a Foundation Scholarship at Westminster have been gained . Terms Moderate . For Prospectus apply to Head Master .

To Correspondents.

To Correspondents .

The following communications stand over until next week for want of space : — CRAFT . —Parthenon Lodge , No . 1 S 26 ; Abbey Lodge , No . iU

. JU . INSTRUCTION . —Hyde Park Lodge , No . 1425 ; Covent Garden , No . 1 G 14 .

HOOKS ,- & C , RECEIVED * " lewish Chronicle , ' . '' " Die Ilauhiitte , " " Rough Ashlar , " ' . ' La Rcv ' ista Masonica del rem , " "Hull Packet , " " Broad Arrow , " " Citir . en , " ' " Court Circular , " "Victorian Masonic Journal , " " Derby Daily Telegraph , " ' . ' The Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter ot Scotland ' s Reporter , " " Allen ' s Indian Mail , " " The Tricycling Journal , " "The Daily Telegraph , " St . John , N . B .

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— SATURDAY , J iq , 1884 .

Original Correspondence.

Original Correspondence .

[ We do not hold ourselves responsible for , or even approving of , the opinions expressed by ourcorrespondents , but we wish in a spirit of fair play to all to permit—within certain necessary limits—free discussion . J ¦ BOYS' SCHOOL FESTIVAL , 1 S 84 . . To the Editor of the "Freemason . " Dear Sir and Brother , " '

In answer to the letter of Bro . Walter Martin , which appeared fn . the Freemason of July 12 th , I may observe that the amount of Bro . 'Skudder's list on the day of the festival was £ 440 , and his . list remained at that amount until a few minutes before the lists were announced , when a brother present in the room told the Secretary he would be answerable for Bro . Skudder collecting another £ 100 . •This amount was not even put on the list , but

Original Correspondence.

simply written in pencil in the- printed list of lodges and Stewards , and at the same time my list was increased to £ 630 , and was known by large numbers in the room at the time , and has been printed , under the authority of the Secretary of the Institution , in all Masonic and other papers , as the largest amount collected by any Steward representing either a London lodge or Stewards representing a province . Knowing Bro . Walter Martin very well , and thoroughly appreciating his assertion that he wishes credit should be

given to whom credit is due , induces me to answer his letter , because he was not present at the festival , and therefore not in possession of the facts of the case ; and I am quite sure , therefore , that when he reads this explanation he will be only too pleased to award the credit ( as all others have done ) to me , of being first on the list , above every one , and , therefore , the . premier Steward . Trusting you will kindly insert this letter in your next issue , —I am , yours , fraternally obliged ,

W . A . SCURRAH , Stwd . of the Royal Savoy , 1744 . July i & h , 1 SS 4 .

Reviews

REVIEWS

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS . E . W . Stibbs , 32 , Museumstreet . No . 42 . Mr . E . W . Stibbs , the well-known bookseller , of 32 , Museum-street , has just issued a remarkable catalogue of books- for sale , representing , the various classes of literature — English and foreign—Greek and Latin classics , voyages and travels , biography , history , the drama , poetry , the fine arts , topography , and works on America . Many of

these books havebeen purhased from Lord Gosfbrd ' s library , and areinadmirablecondition and excellent binding . Amid such a number of books , it seem almost impossible and invidious to mention any of the tempting works thus submitted to our notice .. Some of the works are very rare , have not occurred some time for sale , and may not occur for a long time , perhaps ever again . We refer our readers and book

collectors to the catalogue itself "Time , " a monthly magazine . We wish we could honestly say anything in praise of this serial . But , alas ! we cannot . We neither like the tone nor see the point of its poetry or prose . "Selon nous , " the only two readable articles are " . The Ilmington Hills " and " British

Exploration in Egypt . " "The Canadian Craftsman , " as usually , well edited , is again before us ' , which we always read with pleasure . " The Philadelphia Keystone " contains a very able review of Bro . Fort's Monograph . "The New York Sunday Times " is a very readable paper , and has much interesting Masonic information .

A CRITICAL ENQUIRY INTO THE CONDITION OF THE CONVENTUAL BUILDERS , & c . By Bro . George Fort , J . W . Burton , 706 , Broadway , New York , U . S ; We have perused Bro . Fort ' s singularly able and striking Monograph with the greatest pleasure and appreciation . It admirably illustrates the literary merit and untiring research of that well known and valuable Masonic historian . ' Bro .

Fort tells his story in his wonted effective style , and gives us much that is absolutely new and much that is very startling to think over very seriously and digest . Too much praise cannot be accorded to his love of minute detail arid copious research , and no one can allege that he does not quote the authorities he relies on , to validate his views and confirm his statements . It will be seen by readers of the little

work , who we trust will be very many , as this " Monograph " form is both cheap and convenient for all students , that Bro . Fort , curiously enough , reproduces Findel ' s theory of conventual lodges in the eleventh century . He . concedes a previous organization under Charles Martel , in France , and Athelstan , in England , and we apprehend means to recognize the successors of the Roman Guilds in Italy ,

and seeks to shew that the Longobardic bodies of Masons " marmorios peritissimos , " as they were called in one Royal Order , were moved , from one part of the Italian Empire to the other . Bro . Fort states that when the Carlovingian Empire obtained the upper hand over the Longobardic the Cloisters adooted the artisans , who were "loaned" from

priory to priory as the work of Church building went on . But here comes in one of Bro . Fort's most startling propositions , a theory new , we believe , to Masonic Students . We give it in his own words : " Down to the time of Charlemagne , it may be stated as a general proposition , that nearly " all Operatives were bondsmen . " This view opens so a wide a question for Masonic Students that we

shall make no apology for dwelling upon it ; Broadly stated , it effects the whole idea of the Guilds , qua Free Masons . Why Masons we ' re called " Free" is still a moot point , and rejecting the "franchepierre" explanation utterly , and any other which is non-natural , we come back to what , pace Bro . Fojt , we think is the safest and the best , Free of the Guild . It is trueour earliest Guild Legend or Constitution is not earlier than 1390 , at the very earliest ; but its

words seem to imply that it is itself but a transcript of much older Regulations . It is , however , we think , clear that if the " French Ordonnances of the Metier" are correct as to Charles Martel , and our English legends are true as to Athelstan , ( which Bro . Fort very gracefully , concedes ) , we have the Guilds of Masons ( whatever might be the law in other parts of Europe ) existing in England

and Pans before A . D . 1000 . The subject is not without difficulty ; but if the Guilds existed , freedom accompanied their membership , whether as arising from their actual form , or whether , as in "boroughs , " obtained by servitude for a given period . This is , however , a very intricate subject , and , - as from the " Roll of Battle Abbey , " it would almost seem as if shortly after the Conquest there were Guilds for the " hinds and serfs . " it mav

be that the Norman law of "Seigneurie" in all thingswhether as regards the " chace" . or those " ad-scripti gleba :, " —for some time g ravely affected the status of the Guilds . Inli 370 , and probably much earlier in England , as we have seen , the Free Guilds only took in Free men . If , as time ran on in Carly ' ages , the best craftsmen were protected by the monastries , the "carta libertatis" which the monastries seem to have given to the Masons would be , as Bro .

Reviews

Tort suggests , both a passport and a . practical enfranchisement . Bro . Fort points out that in the fifth century a Grand Master of the Operatives was a recognized official personage , and that in his title of mastership is to be found what is all but the translation of W . M ., ' magistenum spectabilem . " Bro . Fort mentions the Craft Scholre , the Guild , the Guild Schools , and

derives from the Monte Cassino rolls a proof that there " was not only a connection with' Byzantium , ' but that the workmen of Amalfi and Lombardy were famous in 1066 . It may be true that much ot the eaily building was constructed by lay brethren , " under the direction of the monks , and . ' 5 v MJ the f " , Mf bati fratres" were the precursors of the Guilds of skilled labour . Bro . Fort states that he has

found maciones , fratres . maciones , mactiones , marcioncS , as applied to masons ; but we think these are corruptions ; and he apparently believes that mason comes' from * macina , " but in this we cannot agree . It seems to us as clear as anything well can ' be that our English mason comes from macon , and that macon comes from maconner and maconner from some Low Latin form .

whether a verb or substantive matters little which has to do with the general idea of house . A very interesting portion of the Monograph i » that which alludes to . tokens and signs used by the conventual masons , such as two closed hands one above the other being the sign of the W . M . ; and it is just possible that we have in these new facts another explanation of the " marks , " while we see in it a proof of the wide

-spread usage , very old indeed , of " signs of recognition . " Bro . Fort alludes to a curious mediaeval legend as regards the Apostle St . James , and a probable connection with the legend of the "foifans de Jacques" in the Compagnonage . The story of -the four sons of Aymon in the " Mediaeval Romance " seems also to belong to the same form of mystical and mythical Romanticism . In 545 we find in

the rules of St . Aurelianus ( as quoted by Fort ) the use of the word marcionibus , as we said before , the macionibus of Ducange ; but , as we before remarked , we do not ourselves attach much importance to this particular form of the word . It serves , however , to show that between the lapi- " . cidrc , the artifices quadratarii , the fabri of classic times , we have a use of mactionesmacionesmarcioneswhich

, , , settled down into macon , ' masouns , maceons , cementarii , latomi , freemaceq ' ns , fremasons , freemason of subsequent ages , and this is perhaps as far as we ever can attain by way of clear explanation of a very difficult question . We have said enough to show how deep , how varied , how

wide is the extent covered by Bro . Fort ' s able , but modest , Monograph , how well it will repay expert perusal , and what a debt of gratitude we poor Masonic students owe to one who thus devotes high powers , much eloquence , and careful research , to their information , improvement , and edification .

Masonic Notes And Queries.

Masonic Notes and Queries .

3 67 ] OLD LODGES . Can any brother give me the exact words of a reference I have lately seen in a French work , to the " Annec Maconnique des Pays Bas , " Vol . 4 , p . 372 , and Which profess to ' refer to two lodges at Paris and Lyons in " 1535 ? The force of the reference is impaired b y the statement that they were _ " Loges Ecossaises , " and I am , therefore , inclined to believe that 1535 is a misprint for 1735 . " M . W .

36 S ] A NEW ORIGIN FOR FREEMASONRY . Bro . Boubee in the " Uriivers Maconnique" for 1 S 37 , emits the idea that Freemasonry took its rise at Jerusalem at the re-erection of Christian Churches by Constantine and Helena , and that the Christian workmen only , so to say ; revived the Salamonic usages and divisions of ranks .

BOOKWORM . 3 9 ] r . . STATE PERSECUTION OF FREEMASONRY IN FRANCE .

It seems to me that we may gain a great deal of light upon the early history of French Freemasonry if only we could get at the real facts of the case in respect of the governmental interference with its acts from time to time in theeighteenth century . An anonymous French writer makes the following statement : In 1735 an edict is said to have been

issued by the police against the . Freemasons . In 1737 for the first time the police openly interfered with the body and fined a certain La Kapee , keeper of an hotel , 1000 francs for a lodge held in his house , and shut up his house for six months . In the same year the Etats Generaux are said to have had the matter before them , but eventuall y to have ordered the repeal of the Edict of -1735 . Louis

XV . is said to have forbidden the courtiers from' attending the lodges , and in 173 S some Freemasons assembled in the street , " Des _ deux Ecus , " to celebrate the Fete of the Order , are said to have been arrested and conducted to Fort TEveque . In 1 744 "The Chatelet" forbade the meeting of Fremasons again , and in 1745 Leroy , the

keeper of a hotel , was fined 3000 francs , and all the furniture and jewels of the lodge were seized . There are probably other proceedings and decrees , which , if we could find , or be referred to , might throw-great light , as I said before , on the now hazy history of French Freemasonry in the first part of the eighteenth century . MASONIC STUDENT .

370 ] A-QUERY FOR BRO . WHYTEHEAD . In the inventory of John Cadeby , pf Beverley , Mason ' , Testamenta Eboracensia , Vol . iii ., p . 97 , occurs the following entry : " Item , Zona fracta de cerico , arg , ornata , cumlitoris

B et J in medio . " ' 1 his Mason seem to have been a Mason of some means and many effects . What do . these letters mean . ' Do they refer to the Guild of St : John at Beverley , or are , they J and B ? It is possible . they may be the initials of a name , but then not J . Cadeby . B et J would not be after all correct . " Verbum sat . " SURTEES . ' 4 ;

Bro . W . A . Scurrah , who had £ 630 on his list at the Boys' Festival , is a founder of the Henry Levander Lodge , and will'be invested as Junior Warden " by Bro . H , ' Lovegrove at the consecration next week ,