The History Of Freemasonry.

citizen of the world , " and a lay hrother " a semi-member of the church . " As to " any organisation of the workmen , " Bro . Gould considers the idea is untenable , or , that if any such existed , it was " amongst the free artisans of the town , who may

have entered into the pay of the monks , " as in all cases " lay brothers became the servants of the convent , " and would be under the same rules as the monks , that is , they would be allowed to possess no property , and could receive no pay beyond their sustenance . He prefers Winzer ' s opinion

that the fraternities spoken of by Fallou were " organisations of serfs , " the workmen or labourers , as he suggests , " with the exception of a certain proportion of craft masons , being most likely the serfs , vassals , and villeins of the convent . "

The conclusion at which Bro . Gould thus far arrives is , that " the cradle of German architectural skill is to be found in the convents , and not in the organisation of the Steinmek guild , " the latter having had its origin in 5 ' the craft guilds of the cities . " He writes : " We thus see that

from the sixth ( perhaps fifth ) century onwards up to the twelfth , when most of the monasteries were completed , they afforded the means of acquiring skill in tho manipulation of building materials , and may thus be looked upon in Germany as the earliest school of masonry , and

the cradle of architecture , furnishing large numbers of cunning artificers and experienced master builders , but not contributing in any way towards the organisation of the stonemasons . For the origin of this sodality we must look to the trade guilds ; which , beginning in the towns as

early as the tenth century , or even earlier , had meanwhile been acquiring increasing importance and extent ; until , in the twelfth , we find them fully developed throughout Germany . " The rise of the Craft Guilds is briefly sketched .

Originally the inhabitants of cities and towns consisted of three classes , "the Bishop , Burgrave , or other Lord paramount ; the small freeholders of the neighbourhood , some perhaps absolutely free , others free , but feudatories of the lord ; and the lord ' s serfs and villeins , also possibly some villeins of the smaller freeholders . " In the

course of time there would be two classes of freemen , some rich , and some poor . To secure themselves against the increasing powers of the Lords paramount , associations of freemen would be formed , and in lieu of similar associations or guilds , such as had been established at a still earlier

date for mutual protection and support , there arose the Burgher Guilds which gradually succeeded in wresting the chief governing power from the lord paramount and retaining it in their own hands . The original qualification for membership of these Burgher Guilds was , Bro . Gould

suggests , " no doubt , territorial possession , " while " many of the members may have carried on trade ; " and " some of the poorer , perhaps , were handicraftsmen . " In the meantime " the unfree or bond population would continuall y increase , both by natural propagation , by refugees

from neighbouring tyrants , claiming the protection of the Church , and by grants of serfs from feudal chieftains to the bishops . Those serfs who exercised handicrafts would then obtain permission to devote their surplus time to their own profit , and obtain a shadow of independence . Freemen

also would be attracted to the growing towns from one cause or another , and devote themselves to trades and crafts . " He next points out as one of the causes that helped to swell the populations of the towns the fact that the serf or bondsman who took refuge in a town and

remained unclaimed for a year and a day , became a freeman . These , however , as they had no territorial qualification , were ineligible to become members of the Burgher Guilds , and would naturally band themselves together for mutual defence . Then the serfs would obtain permission

to form guilds of their own in order to protect their trades . In time these new associations , having become too powerful to be held in check by the superior authority , would come to be recognised by the other free guilds as belonging to themselves . As trades multiplied , so , too , would the guilds

organise for the protection of their several interests , and ultimately this class of association became so powerful that no edicts of imperial or other authority for the purpose of suppressing them were of the slightest avail . And as

the Burgher Guilds had become more exclusive or patrician , while the trade guilds were establishing themselves more and more firmly , there arose terrible feuds between the two , the result being that the former were dethroned from their supremacy , and in many instances entirely

broken up . This brings us to the point at which it will be necessary we should consider how the connection between the Craft Gnilds in the cities and the Stonemasons is to be traced , and this subject we shall reserve till another week . ( To bo continued ) .

Installation Of Lord Brooke, M.P. As P.G.M.M.M. Warwickshire.

INSTALLATION OF LORD BROOKE , M . P . AS P . G . M . M . M . WARWICKSHIRE .

THIS interesting ceremony took place on Wednesday , the 14 th inst ., at the Masonic Rooms , Severn street , Birmingham , under the auspices of the Athol Mark Lodge , No . 174 , and in the presence of a goodly concourse of brethren . The Athol Lodge having been duly opened at

4 . 30 p . m ., the D . P . G . M . M ., W . Bro . Lt .-Colonel Foster Gough , LL . D ., and the Provincial Grand Officers entered , and were received with the respect due to their rank . The Prov . Grand Lodge was then opened , and the M . W . Grand Master , Lord Hennniker , having been announced ,

entered and was duly received and saluted , and at once assumed the chair . The summons convening the meeting having been read , and the roll of Lodges having been called , the Grand Master was informed that the Provincial Grand Master designate , Lord Brooke , M . P ., was in

attendance without , and requested to be installed . The Prov . Grand Director of Ceremonies having withdrawn to procure his Lordship's patent of appointment , forthwith re-entered the Lodge ; the patent was read and the Prov . Grand Master designate having been introduced , waa at

once obligated , invested and installed into office , the Grand Master occuping the chair on the left of Lord Brooke . W . Brother A . F . Godson was then obligated , invested and inducted into the chair on the right of the Prov . G . M . as Deputy Provincial Grand Master , after which the Prov .

Grand Officers were appointed and invested , a Provincial Grand Treasurer elected and invested , and the customary votes of thank passed to Lord Henniker M . W . G . M . M . M . for presiding at the ceremony , and to V . W . Bros . Donald M . Dewar Assist . G . Secretary , and R . Berridge Grand

Director of Ceremonies , his Lordship ' s co-adjutors . Prov . Grand Lodge was closed , and the Grand and Prov . Grand Officers having retired in procession , the Athol Lodge

was closed , and the brethren adjourned to an elegant banquet under the presidency of their newly appointed chief . The usual Loyal and Mark Masonic toasts subsequently received due honour from the assembly .

It is with an unusual degree of pleasure that we acknowledge an error we made in our article on the recent meeting of Grand Lodge . It seems that our remarks in a former article , on the business to be transacted at the meeting in question , had not been without their effect , and that so much of the minutes as related to the erasure of the

Bulwer Lodge , of Cairo , from the list of Lodges was nonconfirmed , by direction of the acting Grand Master , Bro . the Earl of Lathom D . G . M . We further understand that Brother Rucker P . G . D . had purposed drawing the attention of Grand Lodge to the necessity of adopting such

a course , but in the hurry of tho moment , the matter would appear to have escaped the notice of our reporter . Of course , this rendered the resolution—that the Bulwer Lodge should be reinstated—quite unnecessary , and it was merely read for form ' s sake , no action being taken , as a matter of course .

We understand that a new weekly journal , devoted to the popnlar exposition of Sanitary Matters and to the education of the people in the laws of health , will be shortly issued by Messrs . Wyman and Sons , London . The new journal will be entitled Health . Its programme includes Original Articles , Essays on Personal Health , and

departments in which the interests of the family circle , of recreation , and of correspondence on health topics , & c , will be duly considered . There appears to be a wide field for such an enterprise , and the aims of Health seems thoroughly consistent with the spirit and policy of the education of our day .

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Holloway ' s Pills be taken at tho same time . When swallowing gives pain , the Ointment may be relied on till improving symptoms admit of painless deglutition . In asthma , bronchitis , pneumonia , pleurisy , whooping cough , incipient consumption , scarlet fever , and measles . Holloway ' s medicines are not less valuable in mitigating the most troublesome features than they are certain in ultimately curing .