Skip to main content
Museum of Freemasonry

Masonic Periodicals Online

  • Explore
  • Advanced Search
  • Home
  • Explore
  • The Freemason's Chronicle
  • Jan. 23, 1886
  • Page 3
Current:

The Freemason's Chronicle, Jan. 23, 1886: Page 3

  • Back to The Freemason's Chronicle, Jan. 23, 1886
  • Print image
  • Articles/Ads
    Article FREEMASONRY. ← Page 3 of 3
    Article THE VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS OF MASONRY. Page 1 of 1
    Article MARK MASONRY. Page 1 of 1
    Article INSTALLATION MEETINGS, &c. Page 1 of 5 →
Page 3

Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software.

Freemasonry.

The word " Mason" has many fanciful derivations , such as the Persian " Magi , " or disciples of Zoroaster , the founder of the Parseo religion ( and , by the way , the Magi hacl three degrees , called Disciples , Masters and Complete

Masters ) ; a Hebrew word , massang or masan , signifying a stono quarry ; a Greek word meaning a mystery , and many others . There is plenty of room for the inquirer to speculate to his heart ' s content in this direction .

It has thus been shown that the titular designation of Freemasonry comprises matters of the most interesting description . Much more might be said upon these various topics . Their significance is capable of being

greaty extended . We have , however , written simply to direct , to interest , and , if possible , to instruct . To acquire knowledge and to impart information are duties

incumbent upon every conscientious member of " The Ancient and Honourable Fraternity of Free anil Accepted Masons . "—Freemason ' s Bepository .

The Various Implements Of Masonry.

THE VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS OF MASONRY .

AS emblematic of our conduct in life , these afford us useful lessons which we would do well to heed . The Holy Bible is one of the great lights of the Craft , one that we cannot fail to follow up if we would be true to our principles , and measure up to the standard required of us .

It will guide us in the way of truth , that adorns and strengthens the character of the man . It will guide us in the way of true and abiding happiness , and secure for us an entrance into the Grand Lodge Room on high . " It

enriches the memory , it elevates the reason , ifc enlivens the imagination , ifc directs the judgment , ifc moves the affections , it controls the passions , it quickens the conscience , it strengthens the will , ifc kindles the sacred flame of faith

hope and charity , ifc purifies , ennobles , sanctifies the whole man , and brings him into a living union with God . It has light for the blind , strength for the weak , food for the hungry , drink for the thirsty ; ifc has a counsel in precept

for every sorrow , a balm for every wound ; of all the books in the world the Bible is the only one of which we never tire , but which we admire and love more and more in proportion as we use it . Like the diamond , it casts its lustre

m every direction ; like a torch , the more ifc is shaken the more it shines ; like a healing herb , the harder it is pressed the sweeter is its fragrance . " The Holy Bible lies open

before every member of the Order , and points out the whole duty of man . Walk in this great light that you may reflect honour upon that Order , whose foundation principles are the truths herein revealed .

Then by other emblems we are taught to regulate our actions , our every movement by the principles of morality and virtue ; aud in our different stations among men and before God , to walk uprightly , circumscribing our desires

within proper limits . We are also directed to move right onward in the way of truth , turning neither to the right nor to the left , and to avoid in our conversation and actions , dissimulation . The earnest student , as he

advances in Masonry , may also learn lessons appropriate to the three principal stages in human life , viz .: —youth , manhood and age ; and if true to these lessons , he may , as a Master Mason , " enjoy the happy reflection consequent

on a well-spent life , and die in the hopo of a glorious immortality . " Let all the implements and emblems of Masonry bo carefully used and closely studied , and we shall ever and always deserve the title of " good men and

true . " We will come more fully to understand our dufcy to God , and to each other ; tbere will indeed be enkindled in our hearts a flame of devotion to God , of brotherly love to each other , and charity to all mankind . —Detroit Freemason .

Mark Masonry.

MARK MASONRY .

CONSTANTINE LODGE , No . 145 .

THE quarterly meeting of thia Lodge was held afc the George Hotel , Colchester , on Thursday evening , the 10 th instant . Bro . J . P . Lewin I . P . M . P . P . G . J . W . East Anglia , in the chair , throngh illness of the Worshipful Master , Bro . Thomas Eustace . The principal business was the election of W . M . for the ensnincj year , find

the choice of the brethren fell upon Bro . Thomas G . Mills S . W ., who returned thanks for the honour conferred upon him . Bro . Fred . A . Cole was re-elected Treasurer , and Bro . Munson Tyler . Great regret was expressed afc the illness of the W . M ., with besfc wishes for his speedy recovery .

Installation Meetings, &C.

INSTALLATION MEETINGS , & c .

MEDINA LODGE , No . 35 . — « r \«

AT fche meeting of this Lodge , on llfch inst ., Bro . II . C . Manners S . W . was installed W . M . for tho ensning year . The ceremony- was performed by Bro . T . W . Faulkner P . P . J . G . W ., in a most impressive manner , and the working throughout was excellently done . After taking the chair the W . M . expressed his thanks to the Lodgo for the honour they bad conferred on him , and proceeded to

invest his Officers . Ifc was unanimously decided to present the I . P . M ., Bro . Roberton , with a P . M . ' s jewel , in recognition of the services he had rendered during his year of office . The following are the Officers for the ensuing year : —Bro . H . 0 . Manners W . M ., It . Roberton I . P . M ., T . W . Faulkner P . P . J . G . W . Treasurer , G . A . Mursell

P . S . G . D . Sec , H . 0 . Damont S . W ., F . Rutland J . W ,, J . Leftwich S . D ., A . Leo J . D ., J . C . Airs P . M . B . C .. If . Wheeler P . M . Reg ., A . Barfield P . P . J . G . D . Charities Committee , F Ransomo Organist , R . Cullingford I . G ., T . M . Taylor and A . Perry Stewards , Young Tyler . There was a large attendance of members of tho Lodge and visiting

brethren . Among those present in addition to tho Officers were Bros . 0 . Haxthausen P . M ., F . W . Dyefcfc , W . Snellgrove , S . S . Wheeler , G . Chambers , G . Stock , W . Trew , E . Poland , F . Osborne , F . C . Hayes , and G . A . Brannou 151 , George Pack P . M . 175 . M . J . Speir and S . A . Wiltshire 245 , G . Brown 328 , C . J . Huntoun 910 , J . 0 . Hnpvvood

S . D . 1457 , R , Kirk , W . Dodson , II . Robinson , and G . Dickenson S . D . 1681 , T Wilkins 1780 , John Bailey W . M , A . Greeuham S . W ., an J J . II . Brown 1884 . After I ho Lodge was closed a large nuinb-u * of tho brethren partook of a banquet , provided at the Fountain Hotel , to which ample justice was dou a . Due honour was given to the first

toasts , Queen and Craft and tho Princo of Wales M . W . G . M ., the W . M . 's reference to the personal qualities of His It ^ yal Hisrhn' -s *' , which were well-known to many present , meeting with onthusiaatic approval . The W . M . then proposed the Earl of Carnarvon Pro G . M . and the Grand Lodgo of England , R . W . Bro . Beach and tho P G .

Officers , present and past . He paid a high eulogiuui fco tho Prov . Grand Master for his great services to the Craft , and his unfailing courtesy , and coupled witVi the toasfc the names cf Bros . Mursell P . S . G . D ., Barfield P . P . J . G . D ., and Pack P . P . J . G . D . Tho toast was responded to by the brethren named , who fully endorsed the praise

given to ' fche R . W . Bro . Beach , and bore testimony to the great services which were rendered by other high Officers , notably Bros . Le Fenvre and Sheldon Smith . Bro . Faulkner was also called on to respond ; he remarked that he had the honour of being the last Grand Warden o the Province of fche Isle of Wight . The toist of the W . M . was ably

submitted by Bro Faulkner , who said Bro . Manners had been most regular iu bis attendance afc Lodge , nnd had proved himself very attentive and and earnest in the discharge of his duties . He cordially wished him a pi * osperoua year of office . Bro . Manners expressed his thanks for the way in which the toasfc had been proposer ! , and for

the enthusiastic reception the brethren had given it . He felt thafc he was scarcely entitled to all tho praise Bro . Faulkner had given him , but they mis * hfc rely on his doing bis besfc to serve tho Lodge and carry onfc his duties in a proper mannei * . Bro . Pack proposed the I . P . M . and Medina Lodge , No . 35 , and spoke of the value to tbe Lodge

of the services of an experienced body of Pasfc Masters . He was in a position to bear testimony to the services of Bro . Roberton , and ifc was wifch pirticnlar pleasure thafc afternoon he heard the Lodge give expression to the regard in which they held him by voting him a Pasfc Master's jewel . Bro . Roberton , in responding :, referred to the

improvements which bad been carried out in the construction of their Lodge-room during his year of office , the completion of which had criven him great satisfaction . His best services wonld continue to be afc fche disposal of the brethren . The Visitors was submitted in cordial terms by Bro . Mursell , who said no Lodge in the province

felfc greater pleasure in receiving and welcomiug visiting brethren than Medina , No . 35 . The toasfc was responded to by Bros . Pack 175 , Brannou 151 , Brown 1884 , Hopwood Albert Edward , Huntoun 940 , Stockton-on-Tees , Wilkins 1780 , Southampton , G . Brown , St . John's , Torquay , Wiltshire 245 , Mechanics , and Dickinson , Eobinson ,

Dodson , and Kerr , 1681 , Londesborough , who all expressed appreciation of the hearty welcome accorded them . The W . M . proposed the Installing Master and the Pasfc Masters of the Lodge . The W . M . referred to the excellent manner in which that clay's ceremony had been performed by Bro . Faulkner , whom they regarded as tho

patriarch of their Lodge , and expressed his thanks for the valuable services rendered by him and other Past Masters . Bro . Faulkner said he was sure there were other Past Masters in the Lodge who , if they cared to undertake ifc , could do the installation ceremony as well as fche W . M . had been pleased to say he ( Bro . Faulkner ) had d . ne ifc

thafc day . Ifc was 40 years since he had been initiated in the Medina Lodge , and he should continue to do his best to maintain their good opinion of him . Other respondents to the toast were Bros . Haxthausen , Airs—who spoke of the benefit derived from the Lodgo of Instruction they had established—Barfield , Mursell , Wheeler , and Roberton .

Bro . Faulkner in submitting the toasfc of tbo Masonic Charities eulogised the great services in tho work of Charity thafc had been rendered by that veteran in the cause Bro . Barfield , whom Bro . Mursell seemed determined to emulate . Bro . Barfield , who woro fche collar of the three Charities , adorned with 24 clasps , entered very

fully in his reply into the working and needa of the Charities . In the course of an interesting speech he said in June last 236 girls were being educated in a thoroughly useful and practical manner , at a cost of over £ 9 , 000 per annum . In addition to this the trustees had been able to purchase a house and strip of land , which would prove to be

valuable investments . 240 boys were being educated in the Boy . ' School , at a cost of £ 10 , 000 , to make up which sum the trustees had to rely almost entirely on subscriptions , as they had very little money invested , and a considerable sum was urgently needed . The Benevolent Institution had 390 annuitants on tho books , afc a cost last year

“The Freemason's Chronicle: 1886-01-23, Page 3” Masonic Periodicals Online, Library and Museum of Freemasonry, 25 June 2025, django:8000/periodicals/fcn/issues/fcn_23011886/page/3/.
  • List
  • Grid
Title Category Page
IMITATIONS OF FREEMASONRY. Article 1
FREEMASONRY. Article 1
THE VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS OF MASONRY. Article 3
MARK MASONRY. Article 3
INSTALLATION MEETINGS, &c. Article 3
ROYAL ARCH. Article 7
AMUSEMENTS. Article 7
Untitled Ad 8
Untitled Ad 8
Untitled Ad 8
Untitled Ad 8
Untitled Ad 8
Untitled Ad 8
Untitled Ad 8
Untitled Ad 8
CONSECRATION OF THE BROWNLOW LODGE, No. 2131. Article 8
UNVEILING A STATUE OF BRO. SIR HENRY EDWARDS. Article 9
CORRESPONDENCE. Article 9
"HEARTY GOOD WISHES." Article 9
" SIGN THE BOOK, BRETHREN, PLEASE." Article 9
GREY FRIARS LODGE, No. 1101. Article 10
LEOPOLD LODGE, No. 1571. Article 10
HONOR OAK LODGE, No. 1986. Article 10
THE FIFTEEN SECTIONS Article 11
Untitled Article 11
Untitled Ad 11
DIARY FOR THE WEEK. Article 12
Untitled Ad 13
Untitled Ad 13
Untitled Ad 14
Untitled Ad 14
Untitled Ad 14
Untitled Ad 14
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 15
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Untitled Ad 16
Page 1

Page 1

3 Articles
Page 2

Page 2

2 Articles
Page 3

Page 3

4 Articles
Page 4

Page 4

1 Article
Page 5

Page 5

2 Articles
Page 6

Page 6

2 Articles
Page 7

Page 7

4 Articles
Page 8

Page 8

9 Articles
Page 9

Page 9

5 Articles
Page 10

Page 10

4 Articles
Page 11

Page 11

5 Articles
Page 12

Page 12

2 Articles
Page 13

Page 13

4 Articles
Page 14

Page 14

4 Articles
Page 15

Page 15

13 Articles
Page 16

Page 16

12 Articles
Page 3

Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software.

Freemasonry.

The word " Mason" has many fanciful derivations , such as the Persian " Magi , " or disciples of Zoroaster , the founder of the Parseo religion ( and , by the way , the Magi hacl three degrees , called Disciples , Masters and Complete

Masters ) ; a Hebrew word , massang or masan , signifying a stono quarry ; a Greek word meaning a mystery , and many others . There is plenty of room for the inquirer to speculate to his heart ' s content in this direction .

It has thus been shown that the titular designation of Freemasonry comprises matters of the most interesting description . Much more might be said upon these various topics . Their significance is capable of being

greaty extended . We have , however , written simply to direct , to interest , and , if possible , to instruct . To acquire knowledge and to impart information are duties

incumbent upon every conscientious member of " The Ancient and Honourable Fraternity of Free anil Accepted Masons . "—Freemason ' s Bepository .

The Various Implements Of Masonry.

THE VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS OF MASONRY .

AS emblematic of our conduct in life , these afford us useful lessons which we would do well to heed . The Holy Bible is one of the great lights of the Craft , one that we cannot fail to follow up if we would be true to our principles , and measure up to the standard required of us .

It will guide us in the way of truth , that adorns and strengthens the character of the man . It will guide us in the way of true and abiding happiness , and secure for us an entrance into the Grand Lodge Room on high . " It

enriches the memory , it elevates the reason , ifc enlivens the imagination , ifc directs the judgment , ifc moves the affections , it controls the passions , it quickens the conscience , it strengthens the will , ifc kindles the sacred flame of faith

hope and charity , ifc purifies , ennobles , sanctifies the whole man , and brings him into a living union with God . It has light for the blind , strength for the weak , food for the hungry , drink for the thirsty ; ifc has a counsel in precept

for every sorrow , a balm for every wound ; of all the books in the world the Bible is the only one of which we never tire , but which we admire and love more and more in proportion as we use it . Like the diamond , it casts its lustre

m every direction ; like a torch , the more ifc is shaken the more it shines ; like a healing herb , the harder it is pressed the sweeter is its fragrance . " The Holy Bible lies open

before every member of the Order , and points out the whole duty of man . Walk in this great light that you may reflect honour upon that Order , whose foundation principles are the truths herein revealed .

Then by other emblems we are taught to regulate our actions , our every movement by the principles of morality and virtue ; aud in our different stations among men and before God , to walk uprightly , circumscribing our desires

within proper limits . We are also directed to move right onward in the way of truth , turning neither to the right nor to the left , and to avoid in our conversation and actions , dissimulation . The earnest student , as he

advances in Masonry , may also learn lessons appropriate to the three principal stages in human life , viz .: —youth , manhood and age ; and if true to these lessons , he may , as a Master Mason , " enjoy the happy reflection consequent

on a well-spent life , and die in the hopo of a glorious immortality . " Let all the implements and emblems of Masonry bo carefully used and closely studied , and we shall ever and always deserve the title of " good men and

true . " We will come more fully to understand our dufcy to God , and to each other ; tbere will indeed be enkindled in our hearts a flame of devotion to God , of brotherly love to each other , and charity to all mankind . —Detroit Freemason .

Mark Masonry.

MARK MASONRY .

CONSTANTINE LODGE , No . 145 .

THE quarterly meeting of thia Lodge was held afc the George Hotel , Colchester , on Thursday evening , the 10 th instant . Bro . J . P . Lewin I . P . M . P . P . G . J . W . East Anglia , in the chair , throngh illness of the Worshipful Master , Bro . Thomas Eustace . The principal business was the election of W . M . for the ensnincj year , find

the choice of the brethren fell upon Bro . Thomas G . Mills S . W ., who returned thanks for the honour conferred upon him . Bro . Fred . A . Cole was re-elected Treasurer , and Bro . Munson Tyler . Great regret was expressed afc the illness of the W . M ., with besfc wishes for his speedy recovery .

Installation Meetings, &C.

INSTALLATION MEETINGS , & c .

MEDINA LODGE , No . 35 . — « r \«

AT fche meeting of this Lodge , on llfch inst ., Bro . II . C . Manners S . W . was installed W . M . for tho ensning year . The ceremony- was performed by Bro . T . W . Faulkner P . P . J . G . W ., in a most impressive manner , and the working throughout was excellently done . After taking the chair the W . M . expressed his thanks to the Lodgo for the honour they bad conferred on him , and proceeded to

invest his Officers . Ifc was unanimously decided to present the I . P . M ., Bro . Roberton , with a P . M . ' s jewel , in recognition of the services he had rendered during his year of office . The following are the Officers for the ensuing year : —Bro . H . 0 . Manners W . M ., It . Roberton I . P . M ., T . W . Faulkner P . P . J . G . W . Treasurer , G . A . Mursell

P . S . G . D . Sec , H . 0 . Damont S . W ., F . Rutland J . W ,, J . Leftwich S . D ., A . Leo J . D ., J . C . Airs P . M . B . C .. If . Wheeler P . M . Reg ., A . Barfield P . P . J . G . D . Charities Committee , F Ransomo Organist , R . Cullingford I . G ., T . M . Taylor and A . Perry Stewards , Young Tyler . There was a large attendance of members of tho Lodge and visiting

brethren . Among those present in addition to tho Officers were Bros . 0 . Haxthausen P . M ., F . W . Dyefcfc , W . Snellgrove , S . S . Wheeler , G . Chambers , G . Stock , W . Trew , E . Poland , F . Osborne , F . C . Hayes , and G . A . Brannou 151 , George Pack P . M . 175 . M . J . Speir and S . A . Wiltshire 245 , G . Brown 328 , C . J . Huntoun 910 , J . 0 . Hnpvvood

S . D . 1457 , R , Kirk , W . Dodson , II . Robinson , and G . Dickenson S . D . 1681 , T Wilkins 1780 , John Bailey W . M , A . Greeuham S . W ., an J J . II . Brown 1884 . After I ho Lodge was closed a large nuinb-u * of tho brethren partook of a banquet , provided at the Fountain Hotel , to which ample justice was dou a . Due honour was given to the first

toasts , Queen and Craft and tho Princo of Wales M . W . G . M ., the W . M . 's reference to the personal qualities of His It ^ yal Hisrhn' -s *' , which were well-known to many present , meeting with onthusiaatic approval . The W . M . then proposed the Earl of Carnarvon Pro G . M . and the Grand Lodgo of England , R . W . Bro . Beach and tho P G .

Officers , present and past . He paid a high eulogiuui fco tho Prov . Grand Master for his great services to the Craft , and his unfailing courtesy , and coupled witVi the toasfc the names cf Bros . Mursell P . S . G . D ., Barfield P . P . J . G . D ., and Pack P . P . J . G . D . Tho toast was responded to by the brethren named , who fully endorsed the praise

given to ' fche R . W . Bro . Beach , and bore testimony to the great services which were rendered by other high Officers , notably Bros . Le Fenvre and Sheldon Smith . Bro . Faulkner was also called on to respond ; he remarked that he had the honour of being the last Grand Warden o the Province of fche Isle of Wight . The toist of the W . M . was ably

submitted by Bro Faulkner , who said Bro . Manners had been most regular iu bis attendance afc Lodge , nnd had proved himself very attentive and and earnest in the discharge of his duties . He cordially wished him a pi * osperoua year of office . Bro . Manners expressed his thanks for the way in which the toasfc had been proposer ! , and for

the enthusiastic reception the brethren had given it . He felt thafc he was scarcely entitled to all tho praise Bro . Faulkner had given him , but they mis * hfc rely on his doing bis besfc to serve tho Lodge and carry onfc his duties in a proper mannei * . Bro . Pack proposed the I . P . M . and Medina Lodge , No . 35 , and spoke of the value to tbe Lodge

of the services of an experienced body of Pasfc Masters . He was in a position to bear testimony to the services of Bro . Roberton , and ifc was wifch pirticnlar pleasure thafc afternoon he heard the Lodge give expression to the regard in which they held him by voting him a Pasfc Master's jewel . Bro . Roberton , in responding :, referred to the

improvements which bad been carried out in the construction of their Lodge-room during his year of office , the completion of which had criven him great satisfaction . His best services wonld continue to be afc fche disposal of the brethren . The Visitors was submitted in cordial terms by Bro . Mursell , who said no Lodge in the province

felfc greater pleasure in receiving and welcomiug visiting brethren than Medina , No . 35 . The toasfc was responded to by Bros . Pack 175 , Brannou 151 , Brown 1884 , Hopwood Albert Edward , Huntoun 940 , Stockton-on-Tees , Wilkins 1780 , Southampton , G . Brown , St . John's , Torquay , Wiltshire 245 , Mechanics , and Dickinson , Eobinson ,

Dodson , and Kerr , 1681 , Londesborough , who all expressed appreciation of the hearty welcome accorded them . The W . M . proposed the Installing Master and the Pasfc Masters of the Lodge . The W . M . referred to the excellent manner in which that clay's ceremony had been performed by Bro . Faulkner , whom they regarded as tho

patriarch of their Lodge , and expressed his thanks for the valuable services rendered by him and other Past Masters . Bro . Faulkner said he was sure there were other Past Masters in the Lodge who , if they cared to undertake ifc , could do the installation ceremony as well as fche W . M . had been pleased to say he ( Bro . Faulkner ) had d . ne ifc

thafc day . Ifc was 40 years since he had been initiated in the Medina Lodge , and he should continue to do his best to maintain their good opinion of him . Other respondents to the toast were Bros . Haxthausen , Airs—who spoke of the benefit derived from the Lodgo of Instruction they had established—Barfield , Mursell , Wheeler , and Roberton .

Bro . Faulkner in submitting the toasfc of tbo Masonic Charities eulogised the great services in tho work of Charity thafc had been rendered by that veteran in the cause Bro . Barfield , whom Bro . Mursell seemed determined to emulate . Bro . Barfield , who woro fche collar of the three Charities , adorned with 24 clasps , entered very

fully in his reply into the working and needa of the Charities . In the course of an interesting speech he said in June last 236 girls were being educated in a thoroughly useful and practical manner , at a cost of over £ 9 , 000 per annum . In addition to this the trustees had been able to purchase a house and strip of land , which would prove to be

valuable investments . 240 boys were being educated in the Boy . ' School , at a cost of £ 10 , 000 , to make up which sum the trustees had to rely almost entirely on subscriptions , as they had very little money invested , and a considerable sum was urgently needed . The Benevolent Institution had 390 annuitants on tho books , afc a cost last year

  • Prev page
  • 1
  • 2
  • You're on page3
  • 4
  • 16
  • Next page
  • Accredited Museum Designated Outstanding Collection
  • LIBRARY AND MUSEUM CHARITABLE TRUST OF THE UNITED GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND REGISTERED CHARITY NUMBER 1058497 / ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2025

  • Accessibility statement

  • Designed, developed, and maintained by King's Digital Lab

We use cookies to track usage and preferences.

Privacy & cookie policy